Promotion of interculturality as a model of diversity management that is more respectful of the full enjoyment of the rights and freedoms of all citizens in real and effective equality conditions has ceased to be a utopia to become a reality, thanks to the social and-cultural relations that are taking place among equals belonging to different cultures through Cyberspace that constitutes, together with education, the new paradigm of interculturality in the Digital Age. Intercultural dialogues and exchanges taking place in this (...) context are born of feelings and emotions as intense and enriching as those that take place in real life, insofar as they emerge from the essence of personal identity, of one’s own ideology or conscience; And are governed, in most cases, by the regime of freedom that characterizes the digital culture, to act according to their own ideas, convictions or beliefs. (shrink)

Después de transcurridos los años de violencia política en los años 80’s e inicios de los 90’s, Perú se vio envuelto en cambios estructurales que permitieran una reconstrucción nacional de la sociedad peruana. Durante este periodo, los diferentes procesos migratorios, los cambios en la política económica interna, las reformas políticas y educativas condicionaron a los peruanos y a las futuras generaciones bajo un modelo urbano de desarrollo basado en el consumo, la individualidad y modernidad. Un modelo de desarrollo político, educativo (...) y cultural que no incluya la violencia y la memoria como parte de la identidad y quehacer nacional. El presente texto propone una mirada crítica a los orígenes y consecuencias de la violencia política en nuestro país, analizando la relación entre los actores implicados, los proyectos ideológicos y la lucha por los derechos humanos. (shrink)

The relationship between ethics and performance has previously been addressed in the literature, although there are still some gaps, for example, the relationship of ethical ideologies to student performance. This work aims to contribute to the literature with a statistical evaluation using partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) regarding whether university students’ ethical ideologies and moral meaningfulness influence their level of student performance and academic achievement. Results indicate that the ideologies of justice and deontology increase moral meaningfulness, moral meaningfulness in (...) turn increase student’s citizenship behaviours and student’s in-role performance, and finally, student’s in-role performance positively influences academic achievement. This research provides resources applicable to the fields of pedagogy and ethics to encourage performance during the study and highlight the value of the ideologies of justice and deontology. (shrink)

Objectives To describe the distress experienced by Spanish podiatrists related to ethical dilemmas, organisational matters, and lack of resources. Design A 2008 email survey of a representative sample of 485 Spanish podiatrists presenting statements about different ethical dilemmas, values and goals at the workplace. Results The response rate was 44.8%. Of all the respondents, 57% described sometimes having to act against their own conscience as distressing. Time constraints is the main cause of moral distress (67%) and 58% of respondents said (...) that they found it distressing that patients have long waits for treatment. Distress related to inadequate treatment due to economical constraints or ineffectiveness was described by 60% of the podiatrists. Another 51% reported that time spent on administration and documentation is distressing. Female doctors experienced more distress than their male colleagues. Last, 36% of respondents reported that their workplace lacked strategies for dealing with ethical dilemmas. Conclusion These study results identify moral distress among Spanish podiatrists mainly related to time constraints, patient demands and lack of resources. Moral distress varies with sex and age. Organisational strategies such as moral deliberation and responsive evaluation offer the potential to address moral distress. (shrink)

The influence of age and formal education on the development of moral reasoning in a Spanish sample of students was assessed by using a Spanish translation of Rest's Defining Issues Test. Our results support the hypothesis that moral development is highly related to both variables in our cultural context, although more so with formal education than with age.

Daniel K. Finn’s Moral Agency Within Social Structures and Culture: A Primer on Critical Realism for Christian Ethics (Moral Agency for short) contributes well to the mutual enrichment of critical...

El objetivo principal de este estudio es el de presentar y evaluar una experiencia didáctica realizada en 1.º de Bachillerato sobre el tema de La Retirada, el exilio español en 1939 tras la Guerra Civil. Para ello, se presenta el diseño de esta experiencia en el contexto de un instituto valenciano de secundaria, llevada a cabo en los cursos escolares de 2022-2023 y 2023-2024, así como los resultados de una encuesta realizada al alumnado participante de esta salida de campo. En (...) esta encuesta se confirma la idoneidad de la actividad desde el punto de vista metodológico (movilidad Erasmus e itinerario didáctico), así como por el aprendizaje suscitado en torno al exilio y la memoria democrática. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar el alcance y el límite del concepto de hospitalidad en Kant, conforme a su significado moral y político. En primer lugar, trataré del significado de "hospitalidad" en general y según algunas consideraciones de Derridá y Levinas, a fin de poder introducir el concepto kantiano en la problemática del extranjero. En segundo lugar, trataré el significado moral de la hospitalidad según Kant. En tercer lugar analizaré su significado jurídico; esto llevará a consideraciones de carácter histórico-político. (...) Concluiré, finalmente, con algunas explicaciones sobre el campo semántico en el cual el concepto de hospitalidad cobra sentido y mostraré cómo, de este modo, su uso permite resolver algunos problemas. Este trabajo es una contribución a las investigaciones que se proponen indagar los diferentes procedimientos por los cuales se les da sentido a conceptos utilizados en diferentes tipos de proposiciones. (shrink)

Daniel K. Finn’s Moral Agency Within Social Structures and Culture: A Primer on Critical Realism for Christian Ethics (Moral Agency for short) contributes well to the mutual enrichment of critical...

Abstract:: This essay addresses the notion of public order from the point of view of biopolitics. With that aim, it relates the authoritarian response to social protest with the moral ordering of public space, using the case of the 15-M movement in Spain. Then, it reads the notion of public order as a dispositive, in the Foucauldian sense of the term. Departing from there, it presents a brief genealogical approach to the relations among sexual and racial ordering o public space. (...) Finally, in dialogue with Sarah Ahmed and Mary Douglas, it explores the role of the biopolitics of public order in the constitution and policing of the moral and physical, internal and external borders separating the political community from its various others. (shrink)

Sacrificial dilemmas such as the trolley problem play an important role in experimental philosophy (x-phi). But it is increasingly argued that, since we are not likely to encounter runaway trolleys in our daily life, the usefulness of such thought experiments for understanding moral judgments in more ecologically valid contexts may be limited. However, similar sacrificial dilemmas are experienced in real life by animal research decision makers. As part of their job, they must make decisions about the suffering, and often the (...) death, of many non-human animals. For this reason, a context-specific investigation of so-called “3R dilemmas” (i.e., dilemmas where there is a conflict between the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals in research) is essential to improve the situation of both non-human animals and human stakeholders. An approach well suited for such investigation is experimental philosophical bioethics (“bioxphi”), which draws on methods similar to x-phi to probe more realistic, practical scenarios with an eye to informing normative debates and ethical policy. In this article, we argue for a need to investigate 3R dilemmas among professional decision-makers using the tools of bioxphi. In a first step, we define 3R dilemmas and discuss previous investigations of professionals’ attitudes in such cases. In a second step, we show how bioxphi is a promising method to investigate the whys and hows of professional decision-making in 3R dilemmas. In a last step, we provide a bioxphi template for 3R dilemmas, give recommendations on its use, explore the normative relevance of data collected by such means, and discuss important limitations. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Light that Binds: A Study in Thomas Aquinas's Metaphysics of the Natural Law by Stephen BrockAngel Perez-LopezThe Light that Binds: A Study in Thomas Aquinas's Metaphysics of the Natural Law by Stephen Brock (Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2020), xv + 277 pp.How does the natural law fit the definition of law? Opinions clash among different interpreters of Saint Thomas Aquinas. Stephen Brock's book provides both a magisterial and (...) a definitive answer to this question.Like fine wine, this book has been fermenting and maturing for almost thirty years. Originally a doctoral dissertation, this recently published work has been rewritten, and to a certain extent, reworked by the author with respect to some of its content.Without disregard for nuances, the first chapter introduces the reader to four different groups of Aquinas's interpreters. The first two groups question the full legal character of the natural law in its dependence to the eternal law. The third one questions its naturalness. The fourth group, instead, upholds both the divine origin of the natural law's full legality in its dependence on the eternal law, as well as its natural character.Brock places Dom Odo Lottin, Wolfgang Kluxen, Germain Grisez, and John Finnis in the first group. They maintain that the natural law is a law only in a qualified sense and that it does not entirely fulfill the definition of law. The natural law would provide an intrinsic morality. It should be treated independently from the eternal law. The second group is composed by authors such as Frederick Copleston, Alan Donagan, or Gregory Stevens. Similar to the first group, they argue that the natural law is an autonomous self-standing law, legislated by human reason. Thus, it should be treated independently from the eternal law, except to point out its ultimate origin.The author who exemplifies the third position is Ernest Fortin. Reacting against Finnis, Fortin's position jeopardizes the natural character of the natural law. In his view, the legal force of the first principles of practical reason is not fully actualized until one recognizes the divine institution sanctioning them. [End Page 981]All the authors of the fourth group uphold that the natural law is fully a law on account of its divine origin and that it is also entirely natural insofar as it is naturally known by human reason. Herein Brock places commentators of Saint Thomas such as Francisco Suarez, Dominic Farrell, Lawrence Dewan, and himself. He also includes in this last group other philosophers such as G. E. M. Anscombe and Peter Geach. In the course of his whole study, Brock shows how Aquinas's true position differs from the other members of this group. Special attention is given to the differences between Aquinas's true mind and the interpretations offered by Suarez, Farrell, and, to a certain degree, even by Dewan. In order to better appreciate the depth of this process, I have found it very helpful to read Farrell's The Natural Law According to Aquinas and Suarez in conjunction with Brock's work.The second chapter targets the natural law's legal character in its dependence to the eternal law. It proves that Thomas provides a strict definition of the natural law when he says that it is nothing but a participation of the eternal law in the rational creature. This chapter opens with a historical study concerning the influence of the Summa Fratri Alexandri in the Summa theologiae (ST). Aquinas's understanding of the dependence of the natural law on the eternal law turns out to be more systematic and refined. It is based on a fuller comprehension and development of what law is (the ratio legis).The remainder of the second chapter consists in a superb commentary regarding ST, I-II, q. 91, a. 2, on whether something existing in man is fit to be called a natural law. Promulgation is the element of the definition of law that specifies the different kinds of laws. Hence, the natural law is differentiated from the others by its natural promulgation, namely, by the act through which the order of the eternal law (already instituted by God... (shrink)

O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar que os estudos de antropologia de Kant não constituem um agregado de elementos isolados senão que respondem a uma ordem sistemática de conhecimento estabelecido pelo plano da filosofia transcendental. Isso significa que a Antropologia está definida por um objeto sobre o qual se aplicam um conjunto de predicados segundo a ordem das capacidades, temperamentos e disposições. Porém, isto se faz a partir da possibilidade de uma proposição sintética a priori fundamental, a saber: “o homem (...) é cidadão do mundo”. Essa predicação conforma outras proposições sintéticas. Ditas proposições possuem características sui generis. Não são apenas predicações sobre objetos empíricos, mas não desconhecem as particularidades das observações da experiência; não referem diretamente à lei moral, mas não a desconhecem na constituição de seu objeto. Assim sendo, aqui se propõe uma interpretação sistemática do lugar, definição, divisão, objeto e método da Antropologia. Para poder chegar a isto, primeiro, avaliaremos a literatura secundária sobre o tema, segundo, formularemos com especificidade nosso problema e, terceiro, desenvolveremos a solução.The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that Kant’s studies of anthropology are not an aggregate of isolated elements but rather that they correspond to a systematic order of knowledge established by the project of transcendental philosophy. This means that Anthropology is defined by an object to which a conjunction of predicates are applied according to the order of their capabilities, temperaments, and dispositions. However, this comes as a result of the possibility of an a priori fundamental, synthetic proposition, specifically: “man is a citizen of the world.” This predication suits other synthetic propositions. These propositions have some sui generis characteristics. They are not merely predications about empirical objects, but they do not ignore the particularities of experience’s observations; they do not refer directly to moral law, but they are not ignorant of it in the constitution of its object. Being thus, a systematic interpretation of place, definition, division, object, and method of Anthropology is herein proposed according to a logical-semantic analysis of its fundamental proposition. In order to arrive at this interpretation, we will first make use of the secondary literature available on the topic. Second, we will formulate our problem in greater detail. Finally, we will develop the solution. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Catholic Conscience and Civil Disobedience:The Primacy of TruthAngel Perez-Lopez and Israel Perez-LopezIntroductionSacred Scripture describes different examples of moral conscience dictating civil disobedience. For instance, think of the situation of Daniel (see Dan 6:6–10). In this and many other cases, we always find, above all, a defense of truth and of its primacy over conscience and civil authority.1 In a culture that rapidly abandons Christendom and rejects the Catholic social (...) values once prevalent, this same issue is gaining prominence.Recent civil mandates related to Covid-19 vaccination are raising anew the challenging moral question, among faithful Catholics, concerning the legitimacy of civil disobedience.2 Part of the difficulty consists in the struggle [End Page 773] to harmonize two statements from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) concerning the Covid-19 vaccines.On the one hand, it is affirmed that, under certain circumstances, the use of some of these vaccines is morally permissible: "When ethically irreproachable Covid-19 vaccines are not available (e.g. in countries where vaccines without ethical problems are not made available to physicians and patients, or where their distribution is more difficult due to special storage and transport conditions, or when various types of vaccines are distributed in the same country but health authorities do not allow citizens to choose the vaccine with which to be inoculated) it is morally acceptable to receive Covid-19 vaccines that have used cell lines from aborted fetuses in their research and production process."3On the other hand, the CDF also affirms that vaccination should be voluntary; it is not obligatory as a rule: "Practical reason makes evident that vaccination is not, as a rule, a moral obligation and that, therefore, it must be voluntary."4Some Catholics are clinging to the first affirmation to advocate for the primacy of authority in the civil mandate to be vaccinated. Others, instead, are clinging to the second affirmation to uphold the primacy of conscience and the right to civil disobedience. The controversy is reaching a boiling point in the United States. It seems that tertium non datur.In this essay, however, aided by the guidance of our moral magisterium and Thomas Aquinas, we would like to show how these two statements from the CDF are not incompatible. We would like to offer a third option to the ones previously described. Our thesis is that the way to bring about the harmony of both statements consists in underscoring the primacy of truth, in our comprehension of conscience, authority, and civil disobedience.The essay will be divided into two different sections. The first section deals with the general principles at play in the Catholic understanding of conscience and civil disobedience under the primacy of truth. Thus, it focuses on providing some needed information to get rid of the relativistic and political lenses through which many Catholics today are approaching the vaccine mandates. The second section of the essay is instead more particular. It makes a moral evaluation of the recent mandates to be vaccinated. [End Page 774]General PrinciplesToo Political?As Catholics, we should not be so radical as to think that moral theology has nothing to say about these political matters. A legitimate understanding of the separation between church and state does not forbid the Church's magisterial teaching and moral theology to be concerned with this issue.The Church is not only a mother but also a teacher: "The church's motherhood can never in fact be separated from her teaching mission, which she must always carry out as the faithful Bride of Christ, who is the Truth in person."5Moreover, "life in common within the State possesses a relevant moral value and presents specific demands that—according to the law of the Incarnation, though with a completely particular modality—enter in to form a part of the following of Christ. Therefore, moral theology must treat of it."6Thus, we would like to invite our readers to divest from political biases that may be influencing their reasoning. This is not about being Republican or Democrat first and then using one's faith to express our political views. The... (shrink)

Este artigo pretende demonstrar que o amor próprio na complacência e no autoengano são os fundamentos da possibilidade do solipsismo moral em Kant. Dividiremos o trabalho em duas partes. A primeira parte indicará que o amor próprio é um princípio volitivo, na medida em que é capaz de transformar uma inclinação em um fim da vontade. Isto é possível porque o ser humano subordina a lei moral à sua própria felicidade. Na segunda parte, o autoengano será avaliado como forma de (...) anular a culpa por meio da intenção e das más consequências da ação. Neste caso, o autoengano é o efeito sensível da força deste tipo de amor egoísta sobre o espírito do ser humano, porque a consciência moral é anulada pelas próprias mentiras. Por fim, será demonstrado que o amor próprio na complacência é a parte formal, um princípio volitivo capaz de transformar uma inclinação em objeto de desejo, e que o autoengano é o efeito sensível que este princípio produz na natureza humana. Palavras-chave: Amor Próprio; Solipsismo Moral; Felicidade; Natureza Humana; Liberdade. Moral solipsism in Kant: the dark side of moral consciousness Abstract: This article aims to demonstrate that self-love in complacency and self-deception are the foundations of the possibility of moral solipsism in Kant. We will divide the work into two parts. The first part will indicate that self-love is a volitional principle, in that it is capable of transforming an inclination into an end of the will. This is possible, since the human being subordinates the moral law to his own happiness. In the second part, self-deception will be evaluated as a way to nullify guilt through intention and the bad consequences of the action. In this case, self-deception is the sensitive effect of the force of this type of selfish love on the spirit of the human being, because moral conscience is annulled by one's own lies. Finally, it will be demonstrated that self-love in complacency is the formal part, a volitional principle capable of transforming an inclination into an object of desire, and that self-deception is the sensitive effect that this principle produces in human nature. Keywords: Self-Love; Moral Solipsism; Happiness; Human Nature; Freedom. Solipsismo moral en Kant: el lado oscuro de la conciencia moral Resumen: Este artículo pretende demostrar que el amor propio en la complacencia y el autoengaño son los fundamentos de la posibilidad del solipsismo moral en Kant. Dividiremos el trabajo en dos partes. La primera parte indicará que el amor propio es un principio volitivo, en cuanto que es capaz de transformar una inclinación en un fin de la voluntad. Esto es posible, ya que el ser humano subordina la ley moral a su propia felicidad. En la segunda parte se evaluará el autoengaño como una forma de anular la culpa a través de la intención y las malas consecuencias de la acción. En este caso, el autoengaño es el efecto sensible de la fuerza de este tipo de amor egoísta sobre el espíritu del ser humano, porque la conciencia moral es anulada por las propias mentiras. Finalmente, se demostrará que el amor propio en la complacencia es la parte formal, un principio volitivo capaz de transformar una inclinación en objeto de querer, y que el autoengaño es el efecto sensitivo que produce este principio en la naturaleza humana. Palabras-clave: Amor Propio; Solipsismo Moral; Felicidad; Naturaleza Humana; Libertad. Data de registro: 30/07/2024 Data de aceite: 30/10/2024. (shrink)

BackgroundThe use of great apes (GA) in invasive biomedical research is one of the most debated topics in animal ethics. GA are, thus far, the only animal group that has frequently been banned from invasive research; yet some believe that these bans could inaugurate a broader trend towards greater restrictions on the use of primates and other animals in research. Despite ongoing academic and policy debate on this issue, there is no comprehensive overview of the reasons advanced for or against (...) restricting invasive research with GA. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of the reasons reported in the academic literature on this topic.MethodsSeven databases were searched for articles published in English. Two authors screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts of all articles. Two journals specialized in animal ethics, and the reference lists of included articles were subsequently also reviewed.ResultsWe included 60 articles, most of which were published between 2006 and 2016. Twenty-five articles argued for a total ban of GA research, 21 articles defended partial restrictions, and 14 articles argued against restrictions. Overall, we identified 110 reason types, 74 for, and 36 against, restricting GA research. Reasons were grouped into nine domains: moral standing, science, welfare, public and expert attitudes, retirement and conservation, respect and rights, financial costs, law and legal status, and longer-term consequences.ConclusionOur review generated five main findings. First, there is a trend in the academic debate in favor of restricting GA research that parallels worldwide policy changes in the same direction. Second, in several domains (e.g., moral standing, and respect and rights), the reasons were rather one-sided in favor of restrictions. Third, some prominent domains (e.g., science and welfare) featured considerable engagement between opposing positions. Fourth, there is low diversity and independence among authors, including frequent potential conflicts of interests in articles defending a strong position (i.e., favoring a total ban or arguing against restrictions). Fifth, scholarly discussion was not the norm, as reflected in a high proportion of non-peer-reviewed articles and authors affiliated to non-academic institutions. (shrink)

El desarrollo de la neuroética ha tendido a privilegiar el papel de la emoción en detrimento del razonamiento en la deliberación moral. En esta comunicación deseo contraponer dos modelos de deliberación moral que se han articulado desde la neuroética: uno de corte emotivista, desarrollado por Haidt y Lakoff y otro, pretendidamente racionalista, elaborado recientemente por Hugo Mercier. Mi objetivo es determinar si Mercier lleva realmente a cabo una rehabilitación del razonamiento en la neuroética o si, por el contrario, su planteamiento (...) es deudor del de los enfoques emotivistas. (shrink)

We present evidence indicating new individual differences with people's intuitions about the relation of determinism to freedom and moral responsibility. We analysed participants' written explanations of why a person acted. Participants offered one of either 'decision' or 'causal' based explanations of behaviours in some paradigmatic cases. Those who gave causal explanations tended to have more incompatibilist intuitions than those who gave decision explanations. Importantly, the affective content of a scenario influenced the type of explanation given. Scenarios containing highly affective actions (...) (e.g. murder) tended to generate more decision explanations than scenarios with low affective content (e.g. cheating on taxes). These results give important clues about the proximal processes generating some intuitions about free will and moral responsibility. (shrink)

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio está dirigido a exponer particularidades éticas del trabajo anatomopatológico a la luz de la realidad histórico social. Se emplean métodos teóricos y empíricos y a partir del análisis documental se opera con referentes en los enfoques contemporáneos. El estudio de aspectos generales referidos a la moral y a la ética permitió acceder a definiciones, bases legales y evolución histórica, a la vez que se profundiza en su repercusión en el sector salud y se desarrollan (...) las peculiaridades del trabajo anatomopatológico desde sus manifestaciones en la actividad asistencial, docente e investigativa. Se concluye que los principios éticos generales de la conducta profesional y médica son aplicables al trabajo anatomopatológico en todas sus esferas; al igual que los de la bioética. ABSTRACT The objective of the present study is directed to exhibit ethical peculiarities of the anatomical-pathological work in view of the historical-social reality. Theoretical and empirical methods are used and from the documentary analysis it occurs with modality in the contemporary approaches. The study of general aspects referred to the morality and to the ethics allowed to gain access to definitions, legal bases and historical evolution, simultaneously that deepens in its aftereffect in the sector health and the peculiarities of the anatomical-pathological work develop from its declarations in the welfare, teaching and investigative activity. One concludes that the general ethical beginning of the professional and medical conduct is applicable to the anatomical-pathological work in all its spheres; as those of the bioethics. (shrink)

El texto que se presenta aquí es la segunda parte de la traducción de New Theory of Universalsy se corresponde con las últimas secciones del artículo original. En el anterior número de Ideas y Valores (157 de abril de 2015) se publicó la primera parte, que corresponde a la introducción y las dos primeras secciones del original.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma análise do projeto de lei que institui o programa Escola sem Partido, no intuito de indicar como e porque tal projeto se constitui um obstáculo para a ação pedagógica no âmbito do componente curricular Ensino Religioso na escola básica, consolidando-se assim um entrave para a formação integral conforme estabelecido pela Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação. Para tal análise, mobilizamos categorias do campo do direito internacional, como decisões da Corte Interamericana de (...) Direitos Humanos e o Protocolo de San Salvador, assim como categorias e referenciais teóricos do campo da Ciência da Religião. Primeiramente, procuramos examinar em que medida a Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos — referenciada no projeto como um argumento central em defesa do direito dos pais de que seus filhos recebam na escola a formação religiosa e moral conforme àquela cultivada por suas famílias no âmbito privado — provê juridicamente os princípios do PL246/2019. Em um segundo momento, abordamos a noção de religião que subjaz ao projeto e os impedimentos decorrentes de uma perspectiva da religião restrita à crença e à prática, desprezando sua dimensão cultural. Nesse sentido, procuramos apontar como a referida compreensão de religião induz a um entendimento fragmentado e equivocada da Convenção, o que além de colocar em xeque direitos humanos fundamentais, coloca em suspenso também preceitos basilares da educação no Brasil. (shrink)

Nowadays, most loan transactions are contracted by using the exponential discounting as the underlying standard economic model to value this type of financial operations. In a framework of absence of fees to be paid by the borrower, the interest rate of the exponential discount function is, moreover, the true interest rate of the operation. Nevertheless, there exist a set of circumstances which make this identity false. Among others, these characteristics are: the use of linear discount as the underlying discount function, (...) splitting time when using a nominal interest rate, and the existence of fees in a loan at 0% interest rate. All these cases will be analyzed in this paper in the context of the so-called quick loans. (shrink)

En este texto analizamos la concepción de ciencia en santo Tomás de Aquino, en contraste con la visión moderna. Nos centramos en la epistemología expuesta en la primera cuestión de la Summa Theologiae, donde Tomás presenta las características y fundamentos de la ciencia, para demostrar el carácter científico y sapiencial de la teología. Este análisis se complementa con su doctrina en los proemios a sus comentarios sobre Aristóteles y otras obras. La era moderna ha reducido la razón a un enfoque (...) meramente técnico e instrumental, así ha oscurecido la inquietud humana por la verdad. El hombre, al querer comprometerse con esta búsqueda, se enfrenta a limitaciones culturales que dificultan el acceso a otras dimensiones de la razón. Frente a esto, santo Tomás ofrece una visión más amplia, donde la ciencia no sólo define su objeto, sino que también indaga en sus causas últimas, integra certeza y sentido en una actitud contemplativa que la modernidad ha dejado de lado. (shrink)

Los usuarios de los servicios sanitarios que reclaman el ejercicio efectivo de las diferentes manifestaciones de su libertad religiosa cuando se hallan internados en instituciones sanitarias públicas. Me refiero a solicitudes que deben ser atendidas por las autoridades pertinentes, en orden a promover, en condiciones de igualdad real y efectiva, el pleno disfrute de aquella libertad religiosa en este ámbito. Sobre la base de esta hipótesis, el objeto de este trabajo va a consistir en analizar las claves jurídicas de la (...) gestión del derecho de los pacientes a consumir alimentación y a usar vestimentas y representaciones simbólicas en sus dependencias en base a sus creencias religiosas. (shrink)

En el contexto feminista español de los años 30, Piedad de la Cierva, destacada científica murciana, no pertenecía a ninguna organización feminista de lucha por los derechos de las mujeres. Sin embargo, destacó gracias a su esfuerzo y trabajo. El objetivo del presente artículo es demostrar cómo la científica española Piedad de la Cierva alcanzó metas personales, científicas y humanas, y qué relevante e inspiradora puede ser para otras mujeres científicas pasadas y presentes frente a las expectativas y presiones de (...) la sociedad. Ahora puede ser considerada un ejemplo para las mujeres. (shrink)

Studying the neural correlates of conscious awareness depends on a reliable comparison between activations associated with awareness and unawareness. One particularly difficult confound to remove is task performance capacity, i.e. the difference in performance between the conditions of interest. While ideally task performance capacity should be matched across different conditions, this is difficult to achieve experimentally. However, differences in performance could theoretically be corrected for mathematically. One such proposal is found in a recent paper by Lamy, Salti and Bar-Haim [Lamy (...) D, Salti M, Bar-Haim Y. Neural correlates of subjective awareness and unconscious processing: an ERP study. J Cognitive Neurosci 2009,21:1435-46], who put forward a corrective method for an electroencephalography experiment. We argue that their analysis is essentially grounded in a version of High Threshold Theory, which has been shown to be inferior in general to Signal Detection Theory. We show through a series of computer simulations that their correction method only partially removes the influence of perfor- mance capacity, which can yield misleading results. We present a mathematical correction method based on Signal Detection Theory that is theoretically capable of removing performance capacity confounds. We discuss the limitations of mathemati- cally correcting for performance capacity confounds in imaging studies and its impact for theories about consciousness. (shrink)

The progress the Internet has experienced in recent years has brought about huge changes and social transformation in all aspects of our lives. One such aspect greatly impacted has been our health, where we can talk about the existence of an ‘Internet of Medical Things’. Amid this digital drift, we have seen the development of pharmaceutical drugs that provide information to patients and their attending healthcare teams concerning medication, doses ingested, and time of ingestion. These are digital pills or digital (...) medication. In this context, the purpose of my paper is to analyze the ethical and legal impact of digital medication, further analyzing the implications concerning the right of service users to make decisions over their own health in Spain. (shrink)

La publicación de Filosofía de la aritmética (1891) trajo consigo un notable avance en las investigaciones fenomenológicas de E. Husserl, a la vez que se abrió paso entre las indagaciones ya existentes sobre la fundamentación de las matemáticas. Fue precisamente dentro de esta constelación de publicaciones donde se originó una de las polémicas filosóficas más interesantes de las postrimerías del siglo XIX: la recensión de Filosofía de la aritmética hecha por Frege en 1894. Lo que ofreceré en este texto son (...) algunas claves de interpretación que permitirán hacer una revisión juiciosa de aquellos aspectos filosóficos no vistos por Frege en su crítica. Todo ello a través del intercambio epistolar entre ambos, de la exposición de la reseña de 1894 y de las recensiones de Filosofía de la aritmética que han permanecido desconocidas hasta ahora. PALABRAS CLAVE: Filosofía de la aritmética, Fenomenología, Filosofía analítica, Husserl, Frege. (shrink)

Sharia is a religious legal system that is based on the divine mandates revealed in the Quram and the Sunna as has been interpreted bu the main Islamic Schools of Law, both Sunni and Shiita. In orden to understand what is at stake, distinctions between the main Islamic traditions in this ground was one of the factors that have led to an imprecise use of terminology of the Quram which refers to the Islamic divorce, that is: the Talaq. Its confusion (...) has also been reflected in the case law of the Spanish Supreme Court which regards to the effects of Talaq under the Spanish Civil Law. Bilateral Accord concluded betwen the Spanish Goverment and the Islamic Religious Comunities of Spain has not regulated the requirements of the recognition of the islamic divorce in our legal system. Nevertheless, whether repudiation has been made under the Civil Law of a Muslim State, it could be recognized in Sapin under the rules of procedure of the International Private Law. The main purpose of such recognition is to guarantee the basic civil rights and liberties of the woman who has been repudiated. (shrink)

Consciousness and confidence seem intimately related. Accordingly, some researchers use confidence ratings as a measure of, or proxy for, consciousness. Rosenthal discusses the potential connections between the two, and rejects confidence as a valid measure of consciousness. He argues that there are better alternatives to get at conscious experiences such as direct subjective reports of awareness (i.e. subjects’ reports of perceiving something or of the degree of visibility of a stimulus). In this chapter, we offer a different perspective. Confidence ratings (...) in general, and metacognitive measures in particular, may offer important advantages over subjective ratings. The arguments we offer here are supported by empirical, practical and socio-strategic considerations. However, we do not suggest consciousness and confidence are interchangeable. We recognize the limitations of confidence ratings in some experimental designs and for some research questions. Nevertheless, we also address a potential conceptual link between consciousness and confidence that stems from Rosenthal’s very own work on mental quality space theory. (shrink)

Labor, producción y acción son las tres actividades que forman la vita activa para Hannah Arendt. En torno a acción construyó su pensamiento político y, por eso, es la más atendida por la literatura. Labor y producción han quedado relegadas a un segundo plano, obviando todo aquello que ambas retienen e iluminan. El artículo muestra las dificultades de una distinción que resulta un tanto resbaladiza, sobre todo cuando labor y producción se entienden como conceptos, cristalizaciones de los fenómenos que Arendt (...) pretendía capturar. Propone, en cambio, que labor y producción cobran su más hondo significado cuando se comprenden como experiencias, es decir, como las mentalidades y modos de vida del animal laborans y el homo faber¸ siempre dentro del esfuerzo arendtiano de comprensión de la Modernidad y el totalitarismo. (shrink)

En la concepción estructuralista de teoría científica se afirma que sus tesis son neutrales respecto a compromisos epistemológicos, puesto que su análisis es estructural (Diederich, 1996). En el presente texto nos proponemos mostrar que no existe tal neutralidad epistemológica en una de las piezas clave del estructuralismo metateórico, nos referimos a la noción “aplicaciones intencionales”, y que de lo anterior se deriva un compromiso epistémico relacionado con la justificación de teorías científicas, según el cual, la ciencia es una “red” de (...) relaciones lógicas entre teorías. Para lograr lo anterior nos proponemos analizar las implicaciones semánticas y epistemológicas de esa noción y el rol que juega en la contrastación teórica. Una de las consecuencias más radicales del análisis propuesto es que la noción anterior (aplicaciones intencionales) implica que unas teorías están justificadas por otras; en otras palabras, la justificación de teorías científicas caería en un coherentismo interteórico, que precisaremos más adelante. Naturalmente, es importante advertir que esta tesis y esta implicación coherentista la aceptan los defensores del estructuralismo metateórico (Balzer, Moulines & Sneed, 1987) y (Díez & Moulines, 1997). Sin embargo, el punto realmente problemático, y lo novedoso del presente artículo, es que el coherentismo compromete la justificación de las teorías en cuanto implica un regressus ad infinitum en la reconstrucción formal. Además, este defecto del estructuralismo conlleva a otras dos réplicas adicionales, una desde el punto de vista pragmático y otra desde el punto de vista semántico. El primero consiste en que, si aceptamos la tesis del regressus la reconstrucción puede ser infructuosa para efectos pragmáticos, i.e. la corrección formal de una teoría nos obliga a corregir el conjunto de teorías ya presupuestas que intervienen en ella. De la misma manera, la dependencia semántica de una teoría respecto a sus antecesoras implica que si uno de sus conceptos fundamentales es corregido o modificado, entonces habría que hacer una revisión general de todas las teorías relacionadas en las que el concepto en cuestión es relevante. El trabajo, es pues, un avance en esta dirección. (shrink)

El presente escrito problematiza algunas experiencias artísticas y educativas, en tanto configuradoras de procesos de subjetivación de estudiantes y profesores de un programa de pregrado en la universidad. La investigación adelantada con diseño biográfico-narrativo y crítico, recurre al relato, la hermenéutica reflexiva de Paul Ricœur y asume la crítica desde la perspectiva de Foucault, como caminos o formas de ver, que en sano criterio pueden contribuir a comprender y transformar las prácticas de aula. Los participantes fueron seleccionados mediante un muestreo (...) probabilístico intencional o discrecional (bola de nieve). A través, de un análisis comprensivo de los relatos o sus extractos, se arriba a la conclusión de la importancia de implementar en las aulas estrategias didácticas centradas en la libertad e interés del estudiante, orientadas mediante diálogos expansivos. (shrink)

"El devorador de sueños" es un cuento de Lafcadio Hearn, Koizumi Yakumo, publicado en 1903 en Kott?, una colección de leyendas del folclore japonés recopiladas a partir de fuentes orales y libros tradicionales. Aquí, Hearn nos presenta la criatura del Bakú, un ser mitológico creado por los dioses con las partes sobrantes de otros animales tras la Creación. Su origen se remonta a China, donde se creía que se alimentaba de malos espíritus. Al llegar a Japón, mantuvo esta función, mutando, (...) poco a poco, en un devorador de sueños malignos, de pesadillas, que protegía a los soñadores de la mala fortuna. El Bakú es un yokai cuya clara impronta en la cultura japonesa aún es visible, por ejemplo, se cantan canciones de cuna sobre él antes de dormir o es posible encontrar amuletos tallados con su figura. No siendo más, presentamos esta destacada historia de Hearn cuyo propósito fue presentar al lector occidental la sacralidad del Bakú, su relevancia e influencia en la vida cotidiana nipona y la profunda conexión espiritual de los japoneses con dioses, espíritus y seres sobrenaturales. (shrink)

Este trabajo pretende explorar la dimensión ritual en los Textos de las Pirámides, el corpus de literatura religiosa extensa más antiguo de la humanidad. La naturaleza variada de sus componentes textuales ha impedido que los egiptólogos comprendan en profundidad las complejidades de la colección y los contextos originales en los que estos textos aparecieron. La aplicación de la teoría del ritual, principalmente la aproximación de la sintaxis ritual, ofrece a los investigadores un marco excelente de análisis e interpretación del corpus, (...) su estructura y función. Sujeto a las reglas de la sintaxis ritual es posible exponer los múltiples niveles de significado en el corpus para la resurrección y salvación del difunto. (shrink)

Se realizó una investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud de tipo descriptiva transversal, con el objetivo de elaborar un sistema de acciones de capacitación para el profesional de la enfermería comunitaria en la prevención del embarazo en la adolescencia. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos y empíricos propios de la investigación científica. El universo lo constituyeron 20 profesionales de enfermería que laboran en consultorios del Área Salud "Tula Aguilera". La muestra quedó conformada por los 12 profesionales que aceptaron participar en el (...) estudio. El criterio de exclusión fue la libre decisión de cada individuo para participar o retirarse de la investigación. Se aplicó una encuesta estandarizada, previo consentimiento informado, para determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre salud reproductiva en la adolescencia. Los resultados constatados reflejaron que la mayoría de los encuestados tenían criterios estrechos, no fundamentados científicamente ni actualizados sobre el tema, por lo que se diseñó un sistema de acciones de capacitación basado en conocimientos científicos actualizados, pertinentes y contextualizados. Cada actividad se propuso demostrar la factibilidad e importancia de utilizar técnicas participativas y la fundamentación de las ventajas de su uso en diferentes actividades comunitarias, encaminadas a enfatizar en la organización, movilización, concientización y capacitación a los diferentes sujetos sociales involucrados en la prevención del embarazo en la adolescencia, para que estos se conviertan en transformadores de su propia realidad, en correspondencia con sus necesidades y demandas sociales. A descriptive transversal study was carried out on health systems and services aiming at designing a system of training actions for the community professional nurses in order to prevent pregnancy in adolescence. Theorical and empirical methods were applied. The universe was made up of twenty professionals who consented to participate in the study. The inclusion criterion was the free decision of each individual on either participating or not in the investigation. A standard survey was applied -with a previous informed consent , to determine the knowledge about reproductive health in adolescence. The results revealed that most of the surveyed people had narrow criteria with no updated scientific grounds on the issue, thus a system of training actions based on updated scientific pertinent contextualized information was designed Each activity aimed at demonstrating the feasibility study of using participative techniques as well as the reasons for the advantages of their use in a variety of community activities to emphasize the organization and understanding of the different social subjects involved in the prevention of pregnancy in adolescence. (shrink)